Solubility and Activation of Hydrogen in the Non-Catalytic Upgrading of Venezuela Orinoco, China Liaohe, and China Fengcheng Atmospheric Residues

The solubility of hydrogen in the Venezuela Orinoco, China Liaohe, and Fengcheng atmospheric residues under reaction conditions 400 °C, 4 MPa for 20 min was analyzed by determining composition structure changes products. Activation during upgrading process also determined discussed probe method. results show that lighter components produced can increase as proceeds, present at liquid level have positive effects on transfer from gas phase to phase. Naphthenic aromatic structures, sulphur metals a effect activation trend naphthenic structures > metals. Moreover, when is present, nickel tetraphenylporphyrin has better than Vanadium tetraphenylporphyrin. During upgrading, Orinoco residue with more sulphur, activate hydrogen. Both significant process.